A Brief Guide to the Features of APA Format Essay Example

A Brief Guide to the Features of APA Format Essay Example A Brief Guide to the Features of APA Format Essay A Brief Guide to the Features of APA Format Essay APA FORMAT Below is a brief guide to the features of APA format. For source types not listed here, consult a handbook such as Anne Raimes Keys For Writers, available in the Writing Center. Basic Features of APA: In the text of your paper Include the author, year, and page citation for each source At the end of your paper Include a list of all sources used in your paper Alphabetized by authors last name Alphabetized by title if author is unknown Create list on a new page titled References. In text citations, Print sources: Basic Format for a Quotation Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many ealth care providers still remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young (p. 5). Despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many health care providers still remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young (Critser, 2003, p. 5). Note: use page numbers ONLY f or direct quotes. f youre paraphrasing, sue Just the author and date. Sources with Two Authors According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), Environmental factors may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity (p. 04). Obese children often engage in less physical activity (Sothern Gordon, 2003, p. 104). Author Unknown Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle with the pressures of television advertising that, on the one hand, encourages the consumption of Junk food and, on the other, celebrates thin celebrities (Television, 2002). You maybe use ch to reference a chapter in a long work such as a text book, or par to indicate paragraph in a work without page numbers. Personal Communication Cite personal communication such as an interview or e mail in your text like so: Smith, personal communication, 4 Sept. 2008). DO NOT list in your References page Works cited in another source: If you cite a work quoted by another source, you MUST cite where you found it, like so: Smith says that using APA format will make you smarter (cited in Jones, 2003). In text citations, electronic formats Author Known Atkinson (2001) found that children who spent at least four hours a day watching TV were less likely to engage in adequate physical activity during the week. Author Unknown The bodys basal metabolic rate, or BMR, is a measure of its at rest energy requirement (Exercise, 2003). Date Unknown Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and childrens eating habits have been problematic (Magnus, n. d. ). Reference to an entire Web Site: If you reference an entire web site, give the compete URL in your in text citation. DO NOT list it in the References page: Research on The Mozart Effect has generated an institute with a Web site providing links to research studies ( mindinst. org). References page format List references on a separate page consecutively numbered use hanging indent (indent all but first line arrange alphabetically DO NOT list a reference to an entire web site or e mail communications, but cite them in the text. Books: Single Author Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Book title. Location: Publisher. Reagan, M. D. (1992). Curing the crisis: Options for Americas health care. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Two Authors Cohen, L. G. , Spenciner, L. J. (1994). Assessment of young children. White Plains, NY: Longman. Three to Six Authors Pratkanis, A. R. , Brecker, S. J. , Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Attitude structure and function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Note: If a book has more than six authors, after giving the sixth authors name and nitial, use et al. (not italicized and with a period after al) to indicate the remaining authors of the book. Periodicals, General Format Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number, pages. Journal Articles (continuous pagination) Saywitz, K. J. , Mannarino, A. P. , Berliner, L. , Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049. Journal Article (issue by issue pagination) sexually abused children and adolescents. Psychology 55 (4), 1040-1049. Magazine Articles Henry, W. A. , Ill. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31. Newspaper Articles Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Electronic Sources Article from a Database Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. Retrieved month date, year, from Database name. White, B. (2002, July 30). Stocks make more big gains. The Washington Post, pp. A1 . Retrieved August 1, 2002, from NewsBank database. Electronic Newspaper Article Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from nytimes. com Online Document Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Retrieved month date, year, from http://web address Document with Author and Date Murray, J. P. Children and television violence. (1995). Retrieved July 19, 2001, from ksu. edu/humec/kulaw. htm Document with No Author, No Date GVUs 8th WWW user survey. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http:// www. cc. gatech. edu/gvu /user_surveys/survey-1997-10/ Begin with the title of the document if there is no author n. d. = no date

Honda Civic EX vs Honda Civic Hybrid Fuel Mileage

Honda Civic EX vs Honda Civic Hybrid Fuel Mileage Here at Hybrid Cars and Alt Fuels, we field a lot of questions about hybrids, and probably the most common of all is simply, Are they really worth it? Do hybrids really get that much better fuel mileage than regular carsand is it enough to justify their price premium? Well, we always do a number crunch as part of our hybrid reviews, but weve never actually done a real side-by-side comparison, instead relying on EPA mileage estimates of the non-hybrid versus our observed hybrid model fuel mileage to draw conclusions. This works pretty well, but the more I (Scott) thought about it, the more I wanted to do a little street test of my own to see whats what in the real world. So, I needed a car that is offered in both conventional and hybrid drivetrains, and I needed to put them both through the same types of driving conditionsand carefully track all datato get as close as possible to an apples-to-apples comparison. This testorama would give me a good solid no arguments here body of data to unequivocally say X car in hybrid dress performed this way against X car with a regular engine. Having recently completed a test drive of the 2008 Honda Civic Hybrid (in which I did extensive fuel mileage tracking), I decided that this car and its popular and efficient (and comparably equipped) brother, the Honda Civic EX, would be my guinea pigs. Honda agreed and sent over a beautiful Alabaster Silver 2008 Civic EX sedan, and I commenced to drive. I was pretty confident that Id be able to handily beat the EPA estimates in the EX by simply employing some of my favorite Thrifty-Drive techniquesthe same I used when test driving the Civic Hybrid. Ive been steadily honing these skills over the years and its gotten to the point that I can best the EPAs numbers by 15 percent or more for any given vehicle. I just slow down and drive gently, which ironically enough, gets me there in just about the same amount of time as aggressive yellow-light-running driving does, but at a much better bang-for-the-buck-for-the-minute rate. The Drivetrains Honda Civic EX: My tester EX came outfitted with the standard 140 hp 1.8-liter iVTEC 4-cylinder engine and optional 5-speed automatic transmission. Its a nice package with plenty of power and great fuel economy numbers, thanks to Hondas thrifty variable valve timing scheme. The EPA gives the EX 25/36/29 city/highway/combined ratings. Honda Civic Hybrid: The hybrid version gets its very own purpose-built drivetrain package consisting of a 110 hp 1.3-liter 4-cylinder engine and electric motor combination that transfers power to the wheels through a CVT transmission. EPA ratings for this package come in at 40/45/42 city/highway/combined. For more info on how this unique drivetrain works, see our 2008 Honda Civic Hybrid test drive and review. The Tests Because of the nature of pure city driving, with its short distances between numerous starts and stops, its difficult to employ Thrifty-Drive techniques and improve on EPA ratings. For this reason, I limited my mileage compares to all-highway and then combined (an assortment of roadways and traffic conditions) situations, and I further divided them by eco-styles and normal styles. I suppose at this point, its important to define what I call normal driving. In short, its aggressive behavior that I observe during my daily travels out on the roads with thousands of other motorists: jack rabbit starts ... not slowing (or worse, accelerating) on highway exit ramps ... speeding to stop signs (and then jamming-on the brakes at the last moment) ... and of course, my favorite shake-my-head-maneuver, constantly jockeying and darting to get ahead of the next guy. The Four Tests and Results All mileage numbers are expressed in miles per gallon: Normal combined jaunts driving like normal motorists described above. EX32.2, Hybrid41.5 Normal highway long freeway runs using no cruise and changing lanes frequently to keep pace with the fastest traffic (usually between 75 and 80 mph). EX36.6, Hybrid49.1 Eco combined everyday trips using the eco-techniques described in Scotts Thrifty-Drive. EX37.4, Hybrid48.7 Eco highway long highway jaunts with cruise set at a steady 61 mph. EX42.3, Hybrid54.7 Interpreting the Results These test results leave little doubt that the Honda Civic (hybrid or no) gets excellent fuel economy. Even when driven hard, I still was able to pretty much beat EPA ratings across-the-board. My experience has usually been that the more fuel-efficient a vehicle is, the less adversely its fuel economy is affected by aggressive driving habits. Conversely, economy cars respond better to eco-driving techniques than their large, less efficient counterparts. While both cars responded well to eco-driving, the EX did a little better in the combined mileage tests, whereas the hybrid aced the highway improvements. What gives here? It seems to me that the engine-only EX is more readily influenced by easy driving/light throttle techniques in combined roadway conditions where the engine could/would be more taxed during frequent acceleration. On the highway, a steady throttle can only do so much. On the other hand, on combined roadways in the hybrid, the electric motor mitigates some of the drivers influence for easing load on the engine (the hybrid system does it automatically). But on the open highway, the combination of the engines cylinder deactivation and steady electric motor assist allows the engine to work with minimal fuel use. So, Is the Hybrid Civic Really Worth It? In most cases, I think so, and under the right conditions, absolutely. Just look at the fuel mileage numbers. The hybrid bested the EX in every category, some by a larger percentage than others. Depending on the types of driving conditions/styles the Civic Hybrid owner would most regularly encounter, pay back time will likely fall within a four to six and a half year period of ownership. (Based upon $3055 hybrid price premium, $525 hybrid tax credit *ends 12/08*, 15,000 miles/year travel and gasoline $3.95/gallon).